Composition Analysis and Antibacterial Efficacy of Essential Oils Extracted from Cola argentea Mast (Sterculiaceae) Leaf, Stem Bark, and Fruit

Essential oils from Cola argentea Mast (Sterculiaceae) were extracted via hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC-MS to evaluate their composition across leaf, stem bark, and fruit, building on the family's known antibacterial, anti-anemic, and radical scavenging properties. The antibacterial activities of the oils were tested using gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria, and were also assayed for their multidrug resistance (MDR) properties. The leaf oil, stem-bark oil and fruit oil afforded 81, 50 and 44 compounds representing 98.83%, 99.83% and 99.41% of the oils. The main constituents in the leaf oil were diterpenes, sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes with significant quantities of 6-isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-naphthalen-2-ol (13.30%), phytol (8.12%), decane (7.81), kaur-16-ene (7.20%), 2(1H) napthalenone, 3,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-4,8a-dimethyl-6-(1-methyl ethenyl-1-(7.08%), m-xylene (6.90%). The most abundant compounds in the stem-bark oil are non-terpene compounds, m-xylene (64.1%), ethyl benzene (12.09%) and hydrofol (7.72%). Prominent compounds in the fruit oil are o-xylene (52.48%), m-xylene (17.51%), ethyl benzene (14.07%), escalol 557 (2.60%) and squalene (1.69%) which are essentially non-terpene constituents. The leaf oil showed low activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Epidemic Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (EMRSA-16), but moderate activity in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. The stem-bark oil displayed low activity to EMRSA-16 and also moderate activity to Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. The fruit oil exhibited low activity to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and EMRSA-16 but was moderately active to Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Epidemic Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus EMRSA-17.