Phytochemical Analysis of Dichrostachys Cinerea Leaves, Stem Bark, and Roots for Toothache Management

Toothache, a prevalent dental issue impairing productivity, stems from infections, decay, or inflammation, often inadequately managed by antibiotics due to resistance and flawed trials. This study explores the phytochemical potential of Dichrostachys cinerea (sickle bush), traditionally used in Nigeria for oral pain, to identify bioactive compounds for natural remedies. Leaves, stem bark, and roots were shade-dried, powdered, and sequentially extracted via Soxhlet with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, yielding 1.06-10.70%. Preliminary screening detected saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids in all extracts. Elemental analysis via sodium fusion confirmed carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and chlorine. Thin layer chromatography separated fractions (Rf 0.50-0.90), followed by preparative isolation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (7890B, 5978A) and infrared spectroscopy revealed a range of phytochemical constituents. Among the detected compounds were several whose mass spectra and fragmentation patterns showed similarity to known pharmacologically active molecules, such as those with anti-inflammatory (e.g., ibuprofen-like), sedative, and antimicrobial properties, based on library matching. However, the definitive biosynthetic origin and identity of these specific compounds as plant-derived metabolites require confirmation through isolation and advanced spectroscopic techniques (e.g., NMR). The collective phytochemical profile, including confirmed classes like flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, suggests a synergy of anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities against pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Prevotella. This supports the plant's traditional use and indicates potential applications in herbal dentifrices and anti-inflammatory gels for sustainable toothache relief in resource-limited settings